- 1 ：凡人 ：2018/03/18(日) 11:47:12 ID:AaSPFmRQ0
- 時代を読むために無視できない記事、読み応えのある記事、ためになる記事、他のカテゴリーに属さない、そんな記事を集めてみた。
前スレ
８木先生のスレ
https://jbbs.shitaraba.net/bbs/read.cgi/study/3750/1070448461/
- 165 ：凡人 ：2021/04/25(日) 10:16:36 ID:GkhSRDuE0
- アメリカの戦前経済とミッドウェー海戦
ー日本の圧倒的物量有利での敗退が教える司令部の頭脳の限界ー
https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-american-economy-during-world-war-ii/
日本帝国軍の真珠湾奇襲攻撃をされるまでは、当時のアメリカのルーズベルト大統領は何処とも戦争をする意思はなかったと書いた。そこで戦争開始直前（1941）のアメリカの経済状況に興味をもったので、それが分かる記事を探ってみた。見つけた記事によると凡人が想像していたよりも厳しい状況であったようである。当時のアメリカの生活水準は日本とは比較にならないほど高いことはわかっていたが、1929年のアメリカ経済をどん底まで引き下ろし大恐慌の影響がまだ色濃く残っていたようだ。ウォールストリートの株価暴落から始まり、それが世界恐慌に発展。それでも真珠湾奇襲攻撃の頃になると、戦争の準備ができる状態まで経済が復興していたと記事は述べている。日米開戦に無理やり突入させられることによって、米国製造業は一気に今までの市民生活の製品から戦争に必要な兵器その他の製造へと大きな変換を迫られた。またアメリカ軍の兵隊はその大半が真珠湾攻撃の直後に愛国心に燃えての志願兵士。つまり、それまでセールスマンや事務職をしていた市民が兵士に志願し、短期間の訓練で兵士になった若者たちだ。長年の軍事力強化の日本帝国軍の下で、上司の命令を絶対服従する鍛えられた兵隊たちとは段違い。戦争に必要な兵器・銃器製造とそれを操る兵士の必要な訓練や経験。それらが一つになって完全に歯車がかみ合うまでには、それなりに時間がかかることは容易に想像ができる。アメリカ軍にはまったくその時間的余裕がなかった。だからこそ、初期段階では日本帝国海軍に対し、アメリカ軍は守勢に回っていた。そうなるのはまったく当然だ。日本軍が優秀だとかいう記事をよくみかけるが、果たしてそうであろうか？
真珠湾奇襲攻撃後、太平洋で主導権を握り、アメリカ軍の基地があるミッドウェーに殴り込みで攻めてきた帝国日本海軍。日本軍はこれも真珠湾攻撃の奇襲攻撃を真似ていた。相手の不意打ち攻撃だ。ところがそれを迎え打ったアメリカ太平洋艦隊は日本側の動きを察していた。その当時のアメリカ軍のすべての戦力があの先に書いた「航空母艦３（ヨークタウン、ホーネットとエンタープライズ）、支援艦50、搭載機233、ミッドウェー飛行場127、潜水艦８」。それに比べ、ミッドウェー海戦に参加した「日本軍の航空母艦４、戦艦７、支援艦150、搭載機248、潜水艦15」は主力とはいうものの一部である。それでも2対一で戦力的にアメリカ軍を上回っていた。他の一部はアリューシャン列島に振り分けられた。空母2隻、軍艦等。つまりミッドウェー・アリューシャン作戦に総動員した日本帝国海軍の戦闘能力は戦艦11隻、空母6隻、重巡17隻ほか合計350隻。日本帝国海軍の圧倒的物量。将棋でいえば金成りの飛車・角が相手王駒を包囲していた。それでもミッドウェー海戦では日本軍は大敗を喫した。それは数値以上の大きな意味がある。アメリカ軍とくらべると、日本軍の大本営はまったくの盆暗であるということだ。「日本軍はアメリカ軍の物量で負けた」。それはよく聞く言葉であるが、それは日本の敗戦の本当の原因を覆い隠すのに発明された、好都合の言葉であることが分かる。
大平洋戦争とはアメリカ民主主義の「開いた頭脳」が右翼国粋主義・天皇主義・暴力カルト主義の「閉ざされた頭脳」を打ちのめした戦争であった。
- 166 ：凡人 ：2021/05/11(火) 17:10:34 ID:GkhSRDuE0
- アメリカの一流紙の一つであるワシントンポストのスポーツコラムニストが、短いコラムで
速やかな東京オリンピックの中止を日本政府に提言。そのなかでオリンピックはIOCにおける主催国への略奪行為に例えている。巨額の開催費用により、開催できる国は中国共産党やロシアのような市民を安く借り出せる独裁国のみになろうとしていると揶揄っている。オリンピック開催により、これ以上の国民への不充分なコロナ対策による犠牲者と経済的略奪されるのがいやならIOCにオリンピック中止を直ちに叩きつけるのが日本のためだと助言している。
****
Japan should cut its losses and tell the IOC to take its Olympic pillage somewhere else
By Sally Jenkins Columnist
May 5, 2021 at 2:00 a.m. PDT
Somewhere along the line Baron Von Ripper-off and the other gold-plated pretenders at the International Olympic Committee decided to treat Japan as their footstool. But Japan didn’t surrender its sovereignty when it agreed to host the Olympics. If the Tokyo Summer Games have become a threat to the national interest, Japan’s leaders should tell the IOC to go find another duchy to plunder. A cancellation would be hard — but it would also be a cure.
Von Ripper-off, a.k.a. IOC President Thomas Bach, and his attendants have a bad habit of ruining their hosts, like royals on tour who consume all the wheat sheaves in the province and leave stubble behind. Where, exactly, does the IOC get off imperiously insisting that the Games must go on, when fully 72 percent of the Japanese public is reluctant or unwilling to entertain 15,000 foreign athletes and officials in the midst of a pandemic?
The answer is that the IOC derives its power strictly from the Olympic “host contract.” It’s a highly illuminating document that reveals much about the highhanded organization and how it leaves host nations with crippling debts. Seven pages are devoted to “medical services” the host must provide — free of charge — to anyone with an Olympic credential, including rooms at local hospitals expressly reserved for them and only them. Tokyo organizers have estimated they will need to divert about 10,000 medical workers to service the IOC’s demands.
Eight Olympic workers tested positive for the coronavirus during the torch relay last week — though they were wearing masks. Less than 2 percent of Japan’s population is vaccinated. Small wonder the head of Japan’s medical workers’ union, Susumu Morita, is incensed at the prospect of draining mass medical resources. “I am furious at the insistence on staging the Olympics despite the risk to patients’ and nurses’ health and lives,” he said in a statement.
（省略されました・・全てを読むにはここを押してください）
- 167 ：凡人 ：2021/05/11(火) 17:11:50 ID:GkhSRDuE0
- Japan’s leaders have more leverage than they may realize — at the very least, they are in position to extract maximal concessions from the IOC for hosting some limited or delayed version of the Games, one more protective of the host.
The predicament in Tokyo is symptomatic of a deeper, longer-lasting illness in the Olympics. The Games have become a to-the-very-brink exercise in pain and exhaustion for everyone involved, and fewer countries are willing to accept these terms. Greed and blowout costs have rendered it an event that courts extreme disaster. In September, a report out of Oxford University’s business school found that the IOC has consistently “misled” countries about the risks and costs of hosting. Example: The IOC pretends that a contingency of about 9.1 percent is adequate to cover unforeseen expenses.
The true average cost overrun on a Summer Games? It’s 213 percent.
The IOC understates these risks for a reason: because fewer and fewer countries want to do business with it after seeing all the pillage.
The IOC intentionally encourages excess. It mandates elaborate facilities and events for the sake of revenue, most of which it keeps for itself while dumping the costs entirely on the host, which must guarantee all the financing. The IOC sets the size and design standards, demands the hosts spend bigger and bigger — against all better judgment — while holding close the licensing profits and broadcasts fees. Tokyo’s original budget was $7 billion. It’s now four times that.
China controls the IOC and Olympic sponsors the way it governs its citizens: Through fear
In the Oxford paper, “Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up,” authors Bent Flyvbjerg, Alexander Budzier and Daniel Lunn observe that the Games dwarf every other national building project on earth in terms of cost blowouts — even mega-dams and tunnel digs. The ever-increasing complexity and expense, and the long window of planning (seven to 11 years) make them a project with high uncertainty that can be affected by everything from inflation to terrorist threat and “the risk of a big, fat black swan flying through it.” The Rio Games, held in 2016 in the midst of brutal economic downturn, were 352 percent over their original budget. And these blowouts are “systematic,” not happenstance.
“Either the IOC is deluded about the real cost-risks when it insists that a 9.1 percent contingency is sufficient, or the Committee deliberately overlooks the uncomfortable facts. In either case, host cities and nations are misled,” they write.
（省略されました・・全てを読むにはここを押してください）
- 168 ：凡人 ：2021/05/11(火) 23:52:12 ID:GkhSRDuE0
- 一見右翼と左翼は思想的に両極端に位置するが、よくみると右翼の自由民主党と中国共産主義国家の中国共産党は実は双子の兄弟ぐらいに似ている。両方とも政権の一党独裁、日本の憲法はあってないようなもの。それを避けて通る穴がいくらでも存在する。また両国家は歴史の改ざんに忙しい。その改ざんにあっては若干の違いが存在するが、それは日本では自民の政党権力者が改ざんを指揮主導しているが、中国は歴史の改ざんを国政にしている点。まことに面白いではないか。現在の自由民主党が志向する天皇主義思想。天皇主義に洗脳された日本天皇軍が大平洋戦争を起こして、中国大陸で大暴れした。なんとその日本軍が中国共産主義国家誕生の手助けをしたというのだから、なんという歴史の皮肉。そしてその共産党政府の中国の脅威が叫ばれる昨今、大いに選挙戦に利用できた自由民主党が日本国民からゆるぎない投票数を獲得して政権を掌握して遣りたい放題をしている日本がある。
****
The CCP Didn’t Fight Imperial Japan; the KMT Did
-While the KMT military defended China against Japan during WWII, the CCP built up strength for the civil war.-
By Zachary Keck September 04, 2014
Credit: Wikimedia Commons
https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/the-ccp-didnt-fight-imperial-japan-the-kmt-did/
As Diplomat readers are well aware — and the Pacific Realist is frankly sick of —China has mounted a sustained campaign demanding that Tokyo take a “correct” view of Imperial Japan’s unspeakable crimes during WWII.
There’s always been a good deal of irony to all of this. Although far too many Japanese leaders have tried to shrink or even deny the crimes of Imperial Japan, including its atrocities in China, successive Japanese governments have acknowledged and apologized for many of these.
On the other hand, the Chinese Communist Party has also committed numerous massacres of Chinese since establishing the People’s Republic of China. This began early in its tenure while consolidating its control over the vast country, as Frank Dikötter notes in a terrific recent book. With regards to the “land reform” campaign alone, for instance, Dikötter writes, “The exact number of victims killed in the land reform will never be known, but it is unlikely to have been fewer than 1.5 to 2 million people from 1947 to 1952.” At least another two million were killed in the Great Terror that Mao launched between 1950-1952 to weed out imaginary counter-revolutionaries.
Of course, there was also the widespread famine that killed tens of millions during the Great Leap Forward. To be sure, there’s no reason to believe that Mao and the other CCP leaders intended to starve these people when they launched the Great Leap Forward. That being said, they continued these policies for years after they realized the disastrous outcomes they were having simply because Mao didn’t want to admit his failures. Then, of course, the entire country was plunged into chaos once again during the Cultural Revolution, which was Mao’s attempt to ensure his atrocities weren’t publicly acknowledged by the Party after his death.
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- 169 ：凡人 ：2021/05/11(火) 23:54:47 ID:GkhSRDuE0
- As it turned, he needn’t have worried as the CCP under Deng Xiaoping decided it was not in the Party’s interest to acknowledge it had nearly destroyed the county many times over in its first 25 years in power. Instead, the CCP has devoted considerable resources to systematically rewriting history — or at the very least burying it. Unlike in Japan, where history is distorted by hardline leaders, in China distorting history is the official state policy. Meanwhile, taking the correct view of history is illegal — which is why books like Tombstone are banned.
Reasonable observers might conclude that it is the height of hypocrisy for the CCP to wage a global PR war over Japan’s views of history on the one hand, while on the other hand criminalizing a correct view of its own history. And there was a time not too long ago I might have agreed with these reasonable observers’ conclusion. However, this week Xi Jinping and the CCP took their hypocrisy on history to new heights.
As Shannon reported on Wednesday, earlier this year “China’s legislature passed a resolution creating two new national observances. ‘Victory Day’ on September 3 would commemorate Japan’s surrender in the ‘War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,’ China’s name for its fight against Imperial Japan before and during World War II. December 13 was also named a National Memorial Day to commemorate the Nanjing Massacre.”
She went on to note that President Xi and the entire Politburo Standing Committee participated in the new Victory Day celebrations, which they used mostly to criticize contemporary Japanese policy, and to try to create the impression that Japan’s shifting defense posture represents a return to the militarism of Imperial Japan.
However, along with criticizing Japan, Xi and the PBSC also used the Victory Day celebrations to praise the CCP itself. As Shannon writes, the Victory Day holiday “also served as a celebration of the Chinese Communist Party’s role in defeating Japan — and more than that, in saving China from its century of humiliation…. Xi credited the CCP with spearheading the movement to unite all of China’s people in opposition to Japan. To Xi Jinping, the deciding factors in the war were the ‘great national spirit’ of the Chinese people — particularly, their patriotism — and the leadership of the CCP.”
None of this is particularly new. The CCP has long claimed credit for having tirelessly defended China from the Imperial Japanese army. This couldn’t be further from the truth, however. As I have noted elsewhere, Japan’s invasion of China saved the CCP from Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT, and ultimately allowed Mao to defeat the KMT in the ensuing civil war. Indeed, by the end of 1934, the CCP was on the verge of extinction after KMT troops delivered another heavy blow to the Red Army in Jiangxi Province, which forced the Party to undertake the now infamous Long March to Xi’an in the northwestern province of Shaanxi. Chiang initially pursued the Communist forces, and would have almost certainly delivered a final blow to the CCP if war with Japan could have been delayed. As it turned out, Chiang was not able to put off the war with Japan any longer, and domestic and international pressure forced him to accept a tacit alliance with the CCP against Japan.
At the onset of the war, then, the CCP was not in any position to defend anyone from the formidable Japanese military. In fact, it wasn’t even in a position to defend itself from the KMT. The initial battles of the second Sino-Japanese War in southern China were the largest ones, and the KMT fought them alone.
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- 170 ：凡人 ：2021/05/11(火) 23:56:27 ID:GkhSRDuE0
- This would be the trend of the entire war. As two scholars note, “From 1937 to 1945, there were 23 battles where both sides employed at least a regiment each. The CCP was not a main force in any of these. The only time it participated, it sent a mere 1,000 to 1,500 men, and then only as a security detachment on one of the flanks.There were 1,117 significant engagements on a scale smaller than a regular battle, but the CCP fought in only one. Of the approximately 40,000 skirmishes, just 200 were fought by the CCP, or 0.5 percent.”
By the CCP’s own accounts during the war, it barely played a role. Specifically, in January 1940 Zhou Enlai sent a secret report to Joseph Stalin which said that over a million Chinese had died fighting the Japanese through the summer of 1939. He further admitted that only 3 percent of those were CCP forces. In the same letter, Zhou pledged to continue to support Chiang and recognize “the key position of the Kuomintang in leading the organs of power and the army throughout the country.” In fact, in direct contradiction to Xi’s claims on Wednesday, Zhou acknowledged that Chiang and the KMT “united all the forces of the nation” in resisting Japan’s aggression.
While the KMT were busy uniting the country and fighting the Japanese military, CCP forces spent much of the early part of the war hiding in the mountains to avoid battle. As the KMT was decimated by the Japanese military, it was forced to retreat further south. At the same time, the Japanese forces largely focused on securing control of Chinese cities and strategic infrastructure, while ignoring China’s massive countryside. Thus, the KMT’s efforts to actually defend China created a power vacuum in rural areas, which the CCP came out of hiding to seize. It used its control over these villages to perfect its propaganda and political efforts, and hid among the population to avoid fighting the Japanese army. According to Soviet military advisers stationed in CCP-controlled areas at the time, the CCP also used this land to grow opium to fund its growing operations.
As far as fighting went, the CCP engaged in guerilla warfare and sabotage missions. This certainly annoyed the Japanese forces, but it did not have a significant impact on Japan’s war operations. In fact, even the Japanese North China Area Army — which had command over the northern areas where the CCP was located and the KMT was relatively weaker than elsewhere —continued to see defeating the KMT as its primary objective. The greater impact of these guerilla operations was in helping the CCP win new recruits. The CCP used their “heroic” operations against the hated Japanese enemy to recruit young men (and women) to their cause, much as militant groups like the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham film their exploits today and post them on YouTube to attract recruits.
This was highly successful. According to the CCP’s own estimates, it began the war with 30,000 troops. By Victory Day, it had 1.2 million regular troops and around 2.6 million to 3 million militia
3/4
- 171 ：凡人 ：2021/05/11(火) 23:57:44 ID:GkhSRDuE0
- under its command. It was also quick to seize the areas that the Japanese army was vacating, and seized the Japanese equipment. In fact, in some instances it even forced the Japanese soldiers to join the Red Army (the KMT did the same). Of course, the war not only allowed the CCP to grow much stronger, but it also greatly depleted the Nationalist’s strength. This allowed the CCP to prevail easily in the civil war.
This was not by accident but by design. The CCP had a choice: it could have prioritized defending the country against Japan during the war, or it could have prioritized seizing control of China from those who did fight the Japanese. It chose the latter. Meanwhile, by choosing to actually try to defend China against Japan during the war, the Nationalists handed the country to the CCP afterwards.
Which is why Xi and the CCP’s decision to create a national observance day to honor its defense of China during the second Sino-Japanese War represents the height of hypocrisy. It’s one thing to try to suppress all information exposing the Party’s failings, which killed millions of Chinese, while demanding Japan take a correct view of history (which Tokyo should do). It’s another thing altogether to falsely claim credit for one of the defining moments of your country’s modern history. And it’s really something unprecedented to create a national holiday to honor your Party for doing something it consciously avoided; namely, putting China’s defense over the CCP itself. Classy.
4/4
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